Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol.55 811-823 June 2012. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2011/11-0086)
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Phonological Awareness and Print Knowledge of Preschool Children With Cochlear Implants

Sophie E. Ambrosea
Marc E. Feyb
Laurie S. Eisenberga
a House Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA
b University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City

Correspondence to Sophie E. Ambrose, who is now at the Center for Childhood Deafness, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE: sophie.e.ambrose{at}gmail.com

Purpose: To determine whether preschool-age children with cochlear implants have age-appropriate phonological awareness and print knowledge and to examine the relationships of these skills with related speech and language abilities.

Method: The sample comprised 24 children with cochlear implants (CIs) and 23 peers with normal hearing (NH), ages 36 to 60 months. Children's print knowledge, phonological awareness, language, speech production, and speech perception abilities were assessed.

Results: For phonological awareness, the CI group's mean score fell within one standard deviation of the Test of Preschool Early Literacy's (Lonigan, Wagner, Torgesen, & Rashotte, 2007) normative sample mean but was more than one standard deviation below the NH group mean. The CI group's performance did not differ significantly from that of the NH group for print knowledge. For the CI group, phonological awareness and print knowledge were significantly correlated with language, speech production, and speech perception. Together these predictor variables accounted for 34% of variance in the CI group's phonological awareness but no significant variance in their print knowledge.

Conclusions: Children with CIs have the potential to develop age-appropriate early literacy skills by preschool age but are likely to lag behind their NH peers in phonological awareness. Intervention programs serving these children should target these skills with instruction and by facilitating speech and language development.

KEY WORDS: phonological awareness, print knowledge, cochlear implants, early literacy, preschool


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 J Deaf Stud Deaf EducHome page
E. M. Miller, A. R. Lederberg, and S. R. Easterbrooks
Phonological Awareness: Explicit Instruction for Young Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
J. Deaf Stud. Deaf Educ., April 1, 2013; 18(2): 206 - 227.
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