Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol.47 904-912 August 2004. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/067)
© American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
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Genetic, Environmental, and Gender Effects on Individual Differences in Toddler Expressive Language

Carol A. Van Hulle 1
H. H. Goldsmith 1

Kathryn S. Lemery 2
1 University of Wisconsin-Madison
2 Arizona State University, Tempe

cvanhulle{at}bsd.health.uchicago.edu

In this article, the authors examined the genetic and environmental factors influencing expressive language development in a sample of 386 toddler twin pairs participating in the Wisconsin Twin Project. Expressive language was assessed using 2 measures from the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories-Short Form: Total Vocabulary and Two-Word Combination Use (L. Fenson et al., 2000). A sex-limitation structural equation model estimated the contribution of genetics, shared environment, and nonshared environment to individual variation. For vocabulary, heritability was higher for boys than for girls (20% vs. 8%). For word combination use, heritability was higher for girls (28% vs. 10%). However, the majority of individual variation in both boys and girls could be attributed to shared environment (54%–78%).

KEY WORDS: twins, language, toddlerhood, gender differences

Submitted on September 23, 2002
Revised on February 18, 2003
Accepted on December 16, 2003


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